Fingerprints of heavy element nucleosynthesis in the late-time lightcurves of kilonovae

Meng-Ru Wu, Jennifer Barnes, Gabriel Martinez-Pinedo, Brian Metzger 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 062701

The kilonova emission observed following the binary neutron star merger event GW170817 provided the first direct evidence for the synthesis of heavy nuclei through the rapid neutron capture process ($r$ process). The late-time transition in the spectral energy distribution to near-infrared wavelengths was interpreted as indicating the production of lanthanide nuclei, with atomic mass number $A\gtrsim 140$. However, compelling evidence for the presence of even heavier third-peak ($A\approx 195$) $r$-process elements (e.g., gold, platinum) or translead nuclei remains elusive. At early times ($\sim \mathrm{days}$) most of the $r$-process heating arises from a large statistical ensemble of $\beta$ decays, which thermalize efficiently while the ejecta is still dense, generating a heating rate that is reasonably approximated by a single power law. However, at later times of weeks to months, the decay energy input can also possibly be dominated by a discrete number of $\alpha$ decays, $223\mathrm{Ra}$ (half-life $t_{1/2}=11.43d$), $225\mathrm{Ac}$ ($t_{1/2}=10.0d$, following the $\beta$ decay of $225\mathrm{Ra}$ with $t_{1/2}=14.9d$), and the fissioning isotope $254\mathrm{Cf}$ ($t_{1/2}=60.5d$), which liberate more energy per decay and thermalize with greater efficiency than $\beta$-decay products. Late-time nebular observations of kilonovae which constrain the radioactive power provide the potential to identify signatures of these individual isotopes, thus confirming the production of heavy nuclei. In order to constrain the bolometric light to the required accuracy, multiepoch and wideband observations are required with sensitive instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope. In addition, by comparing the nuclear heating rate obtained with an abundance distribution that follows the solar $r$ abundance pattern, to the bolometric lightcurve of AT2017gfo, we find that the yet-uncertain $r$ abundance of $72\mathrm{Ge}$ plays a decisive role in powering the lightcurve, if one assumes that GW170817 has produced a full range of the solar $r$ abundances down to mass number $A\sim 70$.

Link to full paper: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062701